Djerba Island “花园岛”-杰尔巴岛

It’s Friday afternoon at a village bakery in Hara Kebira,this tiny Jewish community is preparing for the sabbat meal bringing pots of soup to be heated in the wood oven.Today’s customers are Jewish,but the baker here is Muslim.In much of the world,that’s a novelty.Here it’s daily life.

“We work together.We do business together.We help each other.One time it’s a Jew.One time it’s a Muslim.It’s easy here in Djerba and it’s been going on for a long time.And this didn’t start yesterday,for us that’s everyday.”

Tunisia is 98% Muslim and Jews here are small minority out of about 3000 in the entire country roughly have lived on Djerba Island and nearly all in the village of Hara Kebira.It might be a recipe for discrimination but instead it’s a model for coexistence.Djerban say they get along because they always have.Living together is a part of their heritage.

“We see each other all the time because we live together.This isn’t 10 years or even 20.We’ve been living together for hundreds of years.We’re used to it.”

Djerba’s Jewish community maybe the oldest Jewish settlement in the world.Tradition holds at the first Jews came here more than 2,500 years ago and founded the grip of synagogue.In more recent times,immigrants came to Djerba from Spain and Italy pleaing prosecution.It hasn’t always for Jews here either.And Djerba’s Jewish population has dimished in the last 50 years.But a small community has endured.In the village Muslim and Jewish shots sit side by side.

Hara Kebira has several synagogues,a mosque and a Jewish cemetery.A broad neighbourhood life brings them together.Religious life still keeps them separate.Those communities are very traditional.An integration can only go so far.

“You never find a Jew here marries to a Muslim,not hatred,it’s just our tradition.Jews with Jews.For our religion that will always stay the same.”

Living together can be a tough balance to strike.And with turmoil in the Middle-East,some worry that things may be changing.Still there is hope.This Djerba classroom has a sign on the door that reads “Love thy neighbour”.Inside the students are learning about religion.In their community,they’re learning about getting along.In Djerba,despite the tensions in the outside world,”Love Thy Neighbour” is still a goal,shared by Jews and Muslims alike.

New Words and Phrases

bakery n. 面包店
sabbat (中世纪时每年一次的)信魔者(如巫婆、术士等)的夜半集会
Muslim n. 穆斯林，穆罕默德信徒
novelty n. 新奇，新奇的事物，小装饰
roughly adv. 概略地，粗糙地，粗鲁地
recipe n. 食谱，秘诀，药方
discrimination n. 歧视，辨别力，识别
coexistence n. 共存，和平共处
heritage n. 遗产，继承物，传统

杰尔巴岛(Jarbah),法语作Djerba或Jerba。地中海加贝斯(Gabes)湾中岛屿。与突尼斯本土有海堤连接。约长27公里(17哩)，宽26公里(16哩)，面积510平方公里(197平方哩)。

突尼斯（Tunisia）位于非洲大陆最北端，北部和东部面临地中海，隔突尼斯海峡与意大利的西西里岛相望，扼地中海东西航运的要冲。东南与利比亚为邻，西与阿尔及利亚接壤。突尼斯是世界上少数几个集中了海滩、沙漠、山林和古文明的国家之一。突尼斯地处地中海地区的中央，拥有长达1300公里的海岸线。突尼斯被认为是悠久文明和多元文化的融和之地。突尼斯的气候温和，即使在冬天也是如此。迷人的沙滩、温和的气候、比邻欧洲的地理优势、物美价廉的商品、稳定的政治环境和热情好客的风土人情，使许多国际会议都选择在此召开。

Hi, I’m Paddy Kim. Ireland, it’s an exciting mix of the old and the new. Here you’ll find the quiet of the countryside and the exuberance of the city. But Ireland is still well stocked of this glorious castles and windswept landscapes, it really is the jewel of destination, deserving of its nick name “the Emerald Isle’’.

Historically, Ireland was divided into the four provinces of Leinster, Munster, Connacht and Ulster. Today most of Ulster is now in Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland covers 5 / 6 of the Ireland, its capital is Dublin.

In Dublin, start along the river Liffey for tours of Dublin’s architecture. Visit Trinity College and explore Ireland’s oldest university and its vast libraries. But for a real brush with history, travel to the Boyne Valley in County Meath and see Newgrange. This massive tomb is similar in purpose to the pyramids of Giza though it was built over 5,000 years ago when the pyramids were even a twinkle in the pharaoh’s eye.

Ireland’s Stone Age inhabitants built it to house on their honored dead and perhaps for something more. At sunrise on the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year a beam of light enters the central chamber. What significance this had for the builders is still a matter of debate, enter the tomb and decide for yourself. The experience is illuminating.

Ireland has produced a plethora of castles, churches and towers. Its monasteries became important centers of learning during the Dark Ages. And its fortresses were strategic battle grounds against the island’s frequent invaders. The Rock of Cashel near Tipperary serves both the secularly and religious function.

According to legend, this fortress of the Munster kings was visited by Saint Patrick himself and eventually became an important medieval cathedral. If your tastes cater more towards scenery than history you are in luck. Opportunity abound. Near Galway the cliffs of Mohair rise more than 650 feet from the sea providing dramatic views of the coast. Also nearby are the surreal landscapes of the Burren with its cracked limestone in brooding ruins.

When it’s time for a more leisurely pace, you can travel along the river Shannon, ride horses in the Connemara or stroll through quaint towns of lush countryside, colored in Ireland’s 40 shades of green.

New Words and Phrases

exuberance n. 茂盛，充沛，丰富
glorious adj. 光荣的，辉煌的
windswept adj. 被风吹扫的，曝露在风中的
landscapes n. 风景，山水，风景画 v. 美化景观
Leinster 伦斯特省
Munster 明斯特
Connacht 康诺特省
Ulster 乌尔斯特
Dublin 都柏林（爱尔兰首都）
Liffey 利菲河
Trinity College 圣三一学院，现在名为都柏林大学（欧洲最著名的学府之一，创建于1592年，被认为是爱尔兰高等教育的象征，也是爱尔兰人们心目中的精神象征）
Boyne Valley 博伊恩谷
County Meath 米斯郡
Newgrange 新庄园（爱尔兰最着名的史前纪念碑之一，同时亦是西欧最好的走廊式墓穴，它始建于公元前三千二百年左右，在紧邻Drogheda的Boyne Valley中的大走廊式墓穴墓地中，它是一处主要景观。）
pharaoh n. 法老，暴君
Stone Age 石器时代
inhabitant n.居民
winter solstice n.冬至
solstice n. 至，至点，至日
beam n. 光线，(光线的)束，(横)梁，桁条 vt. 用梁支撑，发射，播送
a beam of 一束(一道，一线)
chamber n. 房间，会议厅，室 adj. 室内演奏的
illuminate vt. 照明，阐释，说明

关于爱尔兰的一些资料

中文名称： 爱尔兰共和国
英文名称： the Republic of Ireland
所属洲： 欧洲
首都： 都柏林
主要城市： 科克，多尼戈尔
国庆日： 3月17日
国歌： 《战士之歌》
国家代码： IRL
官方语言： 盖尔语，英语
货币： 欧元
政治体制： 总统制共和制
国家领袖： 玛丽·麦卡利斯，布赖恩·考恩
人口数量： 4203200人(2009年7月)
主要民族： 凯尔特人
主要宗教： 天主教
国土面积： 70282平方公里
国际电话区号： +353
国际域名缩写： .ie

Google地图中的爱尔兰

爱尔兰国旗呈横长方形，长与宽之比为2:1。从左至右由绿、白、橙三个平行相等的竖长方形组成。绿色代表信仰天主教的爱尔兰人，也象征爱尔兰的绿色宝岛；橙色代表新教及其信徒，这一颜色还取意于奥伦治·拿骚宫的色彩，也表示尊贵和财富；白色象征天主教徒和新教派教徒之间永久休战、团结友爱，还象征对光明、自由、民主与和平的追求。

爱尔兰国徽为盾徽，天蓝色的盾面上绘有金黄色的竖琴(Cláirseach)。蓝色象征大海和天空，竖琴为爱尔兰人民喜爱的“天使之琴”。

爱尔兰是一个西欧国家，西临大西洋东靠爱尔兰海(Muir éireann)，与英国隔海相望，爱尔兰为北美通向欧洲的通道。爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人，是欧洲大陆第一代居民的子嗣。它有5000多年历史，是一个有着悠久历史的国家。这里非常美丽迷人。尽管爱尔兰也有自己的语言——盖尔语(Gaeilge)，但它却是欧洲除英国之外唯一一个英语国家。爱尔兰共和国于1922年从英国殖民统治下独立出来，是个和平宁静的国家。爱尔兰北部被称为北爱尔兰，至今仍属于英国。因此，爱尔兰共和国与电视新闻中经常出现的暴力冲突频频的北爱尔兰是有所不同的。

百度百科关于爱尔兰的详细资料
爱尔兰旅游景点大全

马蹄蟹它有着马蹄状硬壳的身躯，还有一条细长的针状尾巴，别看它叫马蹄蟹，它可不是蟹类，它的学名是鲎（hòu），与蝎、蜘蛛以及已绝灭的三叶虫有亲缘关系。它的祖先出现在地质历史时期古生代的泥盆纪，当时恐龙尚未崛起，原始鱼类刚刚问世，随着时间的推移，与它同时代的动物或者进化、或者灭绝，而惟独只有鲎从4 亿多年前问世至今仍保留其原始而古老的相貌，所以鲎有“活化石”之称。

马蹄蟹为暖水性的底栖节肢动物，栖息于20－60米水深的砂质底浅海区，喜潜砂穴居，只露出剑尾。食性广，以动物为主，经常以底栖和埋木本的小型甲壳动物、小型软体动物、环节动物、星虫、海豆芽等为食，有时也吃一些有机碎屑。每年的五六月间，成千上万的马蹄蟹总会从大西洋深处爬上美国东南部的特拉华湾，在海岸交配、产卵。中国鲎在中国福建沿海从4月下旬至8月底均可繁殖。自立夏至处暑进入产卵盛期。大潮时多数雄鲎抱住雌鲎成对爬到砂滩上挖穴产卵。福州平潭每到农历六月，就有大量的鲎爬上岸，当地有民谚称：六月鲎，爬上灶。（参看百度百科关于马蹄蟹的更多资料）

As the water is warm and tides grow high, horseshoe crabs leave the ocean floor and make their way to the shores and estuaries of the Atlantic Coast. Here in the sheltered waters of South Carolina, they suddenly emerge by the thousands in the spawning ritual they’ve performed for hundreds of millions of years. On the highest tides, they drag themselves to shore to lay their eggs. Crabs don’t mature till they are nine or ten. By then, they’ve molted for the last time and their permanent shells can host an ecosystem of hitchhikers. Horseshoe crabs are safest on the ocean floor, but the only way to carry on the species is to take a risk.

We see the ones that see us come and turn and take off to the water. We caught him before he knows us. You know.

Jerry Golt and his father Bob have worked these waters for decades.

We work the moons. The horseshoe crabs come up and spawn on the moons in the springtime.

If you actually get into the water, you can feel them swimming and sometimes you can’t even catch them because they’ll get to swimming so fast. A lot of people seem to be scared when they first see them on the beaches. They do look a little scary but what I do is put them right up against my face and as you can see they do not hurt. Their pinchers are all very light. These are harmless. I just like them.

Mine is bigger. Mine is younger. Huh…

For 15 years, South Carolina has been collecting horseshoe crabs for fishing bait. Now, only fishermen with special licenses are allowed to gather crabs for biomedical use and only if they return the crabs alive. Few of us realized just how valuable the horseshoe crab is.

When I first started 37 years ago, we were allowed to harvest them. There was no recording; there was nothing. And they became fair game and I was involved with selling them for bait. And then a doctor came down and he said that if I didn’t sell bait crabs anymore, he would be interested in the laboratory.

Normal fishing is, as you know, you catch it, you ice it, and you deliver it to the table, and you eat it. The horseshoe crabs we actually catch them, take them to the lab, and they bleed them and we bring them back and release them. So we are borrowing the crabs, this is what we are doing.

Crabs that are borrowed end up a couple of hours away at the Endosafe Laboratories in Charleston. Here in this alien world, they are given a rigorous cleaning to prep them for the process ahead. For the past 30 years, the biomedical industry has been mining the medical equivalent of gold. Endosafe is one of the only four labs in the world that produces a derivative of horseshoe crab blood. Their blood has a clotting agent that’s used to detect minute levels of bacteria. But what’s truly surprising is the color. The crab’s blue blood is an evolutionary gift that’s helped them survive the eons.

Male or female? A small male would be good. OK!

Doctor Norman Wainwright has been working with horseshoe crabs for most of his career, studying the remarkable properties of their blood.

The beautiful blue color is a result of its blood containing copper as an oxygen carrying pigment instead of hemoglobin which contains iron. I am adding a suspension of E. coli bacteria.

At the first sign of bacteria, the crab’s blood forms a protective clot.

Look at that, this is perfect. This is the horseshoe crab cells protecting the animal from infection. Any type of leakage of seawater into their blood system will trigger this response, seal the wound and they actually are proteins in the clot itself that kill the bacteria. They are almost the primitive antibiotics.

The phenomenon caught the attention of the biomedical community in the 70s, they’ve been putting it to work for us ever since. Up to a third of the crab’s blood is removed during the process, yet most of them survive. One quart of horseshoe crab blood is worth about 15,000 dollars. It’s a multi-million-dollar industry. The clotting agent called Lysate is used to test intravenous drugs for bacteria. No IV drug reaches the market without being tested on horseshoe crab blood. It’s an FDA regulation.

Years ago, the only way to screen for toxins dangerous to humans was to use live rabbits. Feverish bunnies revealed contamination and the test was slow. Horseshoe crab blood takes an hour tops and most of the crabs survive the process. Scientists are exploring alternatives that would make bleeding crabs unnecessary. But each day we are finding more ways the horseshoe crab can help us with everything from sutures to contact lenses.

New Words and Phrases

horseshoe crabs 鲎，马蹄蟹
ocean floor 海底
estuaries n. 河口，江口，海湾
sheltered waters 隐蔽水域
spawn n. 卵，产物，后代，结果 vt. 产卵，种菌丝于，产生，造成 vi. 产卵，大量生产
ritual n. 仪式，典礼，宗教仪式，固定程序 adj. 仪式的，老规矩的，惯常的
lay eggs 下蛋，产卵
molt n. 换毛，脱皮，换毛期 v. 换毛，脱毛
ecosystem n. 生态系统
hitchhiker n. 搭便车的旅行者，短篇广告，顺便插入的广告
carry on the species 繁衍生息
take a risk 冒险
take off v. 起飞，脱掉，取消，匆匆离开，成功，去除，起跳，拿走
waters n. 水域，领海，水体
springtime n. 春季，青春期，初期

For generations, it’s been called “America’s national pastime”. Baseball has come to be seen as a defining part of the American culture, an enduring tie born from a diverse and sprawling young country. But the big business and athletic heroes that characterize the game today are far removed from its roots as “a gentleman’s pastime”.

Over the last few decades, diehard vintage baseball enthusiasts have been resurrecting the grand old game and some of its pearliest forms. And while the trappings may seem familiar, it was a very different ball game.

“We are gonna take you back to a time today when Colorado was still a territory and baseball was a gentleman’s game.”

In the 1800s, gentlemen and women ballists would gather 9 to a team for a bitter friendly afternoon rivalry.

“Let’s play ball.”

“This is baseball, according rules that were played around 1860 to 1862. Balls being new to be cut on one bounce were an out. Because there were no gloves used at that time, not even the first baseman, nor the catcher. ”

The pitching was underhanded. And the striker or batter could even call the pitches from the hurler, high or low.

“I will fine you, sir.”

On a good hit, the striker might wag it on base with an ace. Runners tended to shy away from stealing, and a gentleman will certainly never slide. Nor would he lose his boarding temper.

“Team members will actually find if they use bad language on the field, or they did not play as a gentleman would be expected to play.”

“For me, I enjoy the gentlemanly nature, what they are doing here. It’s good to be with the guys. We all play together. We all help one other. Nobody gets too competitive. And if they do the umpire will fine them.”

Not too long after the period depicted by these vintage ballists, the game of baseball changed dramatically. Gloves were introduced, the rules refined, and although the game remained a leisurely pursuit, the first professional team arrived in 1869 with the Cincinnati Red Stockings, but the innocence and tradition still live on with vintage baseball teams.

Hi, everyone. I’m Patty Kim. Today we’re headed for Southern Africa, a place that holds something for every traveler, for every budget: cosmopolitan cities, world-class safaris, not to mention record-setting sites that’ll take your breath away. Here’s where you’ll find some of the world’s wildest places as well as some of its rarest creatures.

Chances are if you’re heading to this region, you’re heading for the most popular stop: South Africa. But there is a whole slew（大量） of other places like Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Malawi that also have plenty to offer to travelers.

When is the best time to go? Generally during the cooler, drier months from around May to October, though parts of South Africa are pleasant all year round.

With an abundance of national parks and game reserves in Southern Africa, a safari should be at the top of any traveler’s to-do list. The wide variety of terrains, savanna, desert, forest, wetland and highland provide an even wider variety of animals and places to encounter them.

The original safari hunters made a list of the toughest animals to hunt, the big five: lions, leopards, rhino, elephants, and Cape buffalo. Today’s modern safari spotters might soon discover that while elephants and even lions are easy to catch sight of, many other animals, including the elusive leopard, are a little harder to find.

Sharpen your eyes and your odds with a few simple tips: go out at dawn and dusk when animals are most active; head for water where animals come to drink; make sure to look near and far, left and right, on tree branches and underfoot. With a bit of practice, you’ll capture some amazing photographs.

Some of the best-known parks and game reserves in the region include South Africa’s Kruger Park, Namibia’s Etosha, Zambia’s Luangwa National Parks, and Botswana’s Moremi Wildlife Reserve in the heart of the Okavango Delta, stretching over 6,000 square miles, the largest inland delta in the world.

The Okavango River once fed into a large lake now vanished under the Kalahari Desert. When the seasonal floodwater surge over the land, they create a labyrinth of channels and thickets（茂密丛林） brimming with wildlife.

For more record-setting attractions, head west into the Namib Desert. One of the oldest deserts in the world, this thin strip of sand along the Namibian coast is home to some of the world’s largest sand dunes. Undulating waves of sand stretch for up to 30 miles in length, reaching a thousand feet in height. The slopes hold the animals uniquely evolved for this alien landscape.

On the Zambezi River you can canoe or kayak(划皮船) along the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe. Just be careful when you hear the rumbling of water. Its name is Mosi-oa-Tunya, or the Smoke that Thunders, better known as Victoria Falls. At some 350 feet high and a mile wide, it’s considered by some as the largest waterfall in the world.

The Zambezi River flows eastward into Mozambique and out to sea. Across the Mozambique Channel are Africa’s Indian Ocean islands, including Comoros, the Seychelles, Mauritius, the French island of Réunion, and Madagascar. Each island competes for best tropical paradise, and it’s easy to see why.

When you’re ready to wind down, head to cosmopolitan Cape Town and pamper(纵容) yourself with some fine dining and samples of local wines.

Remember, Southern Africa is big, nearly the size of the continental United States. No matter where you plan to travel, city, plains, falls or desert, you’re bound to have an unforgettable adventure.

Hi everyone! I’m Petty Kim. Today our destination is Japan, a country that steeped in tradition, but one that also lives on the cutting edge of the future.

It’s one of the few places in the world where tradition and change go hand in hand. A place built on paradox. This is Japan.

A throbbing country of more than 127 million people crammed into a chain of islands, an area smaller than California. Maybe it’s not so surprising that such a modern place pulled such a strong grip on its cultural past.

It was only as recently as the late 1800s when the country emerged from hundreds of years of isolation brought on by its rulers.

Nothing embodies the contrasts of tradition and modernism quite like Tokyo. Staying in the capital, a city of over 12 million people, you’ll be able to experience some of the best shopping, dining and cultural treasures the country has to offer. And if you looking for a taste of authentic Tokyo, you don’t have to go far. Head down to the Tsukiji Wholesale Fish Market handling seafood for the entire region around Tokyo.

For a breath of fresh air, plan a day trip to the iconic Mount Fuji. Located 62 miles southwest of Tokyo in the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan, rising more than 12,000 feet. Although it’s covered by snow several months out of the year, the sacred mountain remains one of Japan’s most popular attractions. Just to the south of Mount Fuji, is a natural wonder of a bay called Suruga. Here boaters enjoy pristine water conditions, divers check out the sea life and researchers congregate to study this wonderful marine habitat. Above water, the wildlife is no less impressive. Japan also offers the opportunity to come face-to-face with some amazing animals, such as the Japanese giant hornet or the Japanese macaque.

When you’re ready for more urban exploration, give traditional Kabuki Theater a try. Your best bet for a good show will come in Kyoto, Osaka or Tokyo. Japan’s traditional theater is known for highly stylized drama and elaborate makeup worn by its all male performers. Keep in mind, though, it might not be a great stop for kids. Performances last about 3 hours. Drinks and snacks are usually available in the foyer(门厅). You can also buy a ticket for a set bento or lunch box. It will be served to you in the dining room during the intermission（幕间休息）.

For those seeking out traditional arts and crafts, Japan won’t disappoint. For ceramics lovers, you’ll think you’ve died and gone to heaven. Japan boasts of hundreds of famous kilns（烧窑） and many of the country’s master potters(陶工) continue the tradition on the island of Kyushu.

From handmade Japanese paper called Washi（和紙） to the centuries’ old art of Bunraku puppetry（木偶戏） to the thrill of watching some of the Japan’s finest athletes compete in the Sumo rings of Tokyo or Osaka, Japan offers the unique promise of experiencing the past but with one eye always looking toward the future.

眼下世界杯正在南非举行，令众多球迷朋友乐翻了天。虽然我们很多人都不能亲自到南非去感受世界杯的激情，但是我们还是可以通过视频来了解南非人民和他们的热情。

Hi, I’m Petty Kim. This country is close enough to Antarctica to have its very own species of penguin. Would you believe it’s South Africa? And that’s not all. Here are a few more surprises.

South Africa is a country of contrasts in the far north bands of mere cats thrive in the Kalahari Desert. In the far south the rocky Cape peninsula juts into the ocean and African penguins thrive upon the beaches. And in between travelers can find abundant wildlife, natural beauty and vibrant culture.

One of South Africa’s crown jewels is Kruger National Park. With over 7,000 square miles, Kruger is the largest National Park in South Africa and home to 145 species of mammals and nearly 500 species of birds.

You can drive you own car on the park roads but if you like helps spotting the animals, try joining a park ranger for an organized game drive. Rangers also conduct special game drives at night the time when many big cats are out hunting.

No matter how you choose to travel, you’ll have the chance to see grazers like elephants, giraffes and zebra. And hundreds of scavengers like wild dogs, lions, leopards and crocodiles.

If you want get any closer to a hunter with the enormous teeth, you’ll have to get in the water. South Africa is one of the best known places in the world to go face-to-face with great white sharks all from the safty of a metal diving cage. While June, July and August are the peak time for seeing great whales, you have a fair chance of spotting them at any time from March to October.

One of the most popular tourist destinations in South Africa is Cape Town. This cosmopolitan city has been compared to San Francisco for its cool weather, seaside setting and abundance of good food.

Nearby wineries offer tours and tastings of leading South African wines. For a more active day trip, head to the Cape Peninsula which extends about 25 miles from the city to Cape point, here you can hike to a nature reserve and swim at ocean beaches. The reserve shelters a range a wildlife including a troop of baboons that sometimes roams the parking lots. They are not above snatches of mango in groceries so it’s wise to be careful with food when the baboons come to visit. Well, these aggressive monkeys may be a nuisance. They are also a reminder of the wilderness that survives in South Africa. And a wild place is in creatures that made this country unforgettable.

For centuries, the winds of the Indian Ocean have brought explorers and merchants to the island of Zanzibar. Through rough seas and monsoon weather, one ship has sustained trade and travel, the Dhow.

At 150 feet, this is the biggest Dhow constructed on Zanzibar for some time. The Somalian merchant who commissioned it has waited for long years to see it finished. Built without plans or power tools, even the wooden hall is fastened together using the hard air roots of mangrove trees instead of nails. But the final product is a sailing ship tough enough to withstand the power of the Indian Ocean and the force of monsoon winds.

For as long as anyone can remember, constant winds have baffled the Swahili coast, the predictability of these winds made international trade possible, but it was the ingenuity of the Dhow’s design that made it practical.

There are dozens of different kinds of Dhow from every country boarding the India Ocean. But they all share one common feature, their sail. Traditional European ships depended on having the wind behind them, but the Dhow’s adjustable sail could be turned to catch the wind in any direction.

Swahili sailors love the chance to display their skills. Dhow races are the perfect opportunity. For the sailors of Zanzibar, these age-old ships continue to be at the heart of a rich maritime tradition.

Hurricane一词源自加勒比海言语的恶魔Hurican，亦有说是玛雅人神话中创世众神的其中一位，即雷暴与旋风之神Hurakan。

An Atlantic hurricane often begins its life over the mountains in East Africa as an area of low pressure. It travels across the Sahara Desert, then moves out over warm ocean waters. Travelling with the trade winds and circles the globe just above and below the equator, these lows can spawn thunderstorms over a broad region. They gradually come under the influence of the earth rotation called the Coriolis Force and begin to spin. Satellites orbiting the globe begin to peer into them to watch for signs of intensification, at the center, a region of low atmospheric pressure forms, known as “the eye.” It acts like a partial vacuum causing winds at the sea surface to spiral inward toward it. These in-spiraling winds evaporate moisture from the warm ocean surface. As they near “the Eye,” they rise rapidly, producing clouds and rain. Much of the air flows outward at the top of the storm like a chimney; soon flows back down into “the eye” itself causing the central zone to dry out and become clear.

The path a hurricane takes is determined by its interaction with weather systems and global air currents. Scientists use super computers to try to predict not only where they will go but also how they will behave along the way. Based on these predictions, alerts go out to shipping concerns, coastal business, governments and the public at large. Over the years, meteorologists have improved their forecasts of the twists and turns of a hurricane’s path.

But at the same time, our exposure to these great storms keeps rising. From the coastlines of China, the Philippines and Japan to the Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Bengal, coastal populations are growing faster than any where else in the world. Not only are there more people near the ocean, it takes more time to evacuate them all.

Scientists have been computing the risks and running the probabilities of a terrible growing conflict between humans and the nature. To reduce the margin of error, hurricane scientists will have to improve their ability to predict a storm’s intensity as it makes its way toward land, whether it will fizzle, bring in only wind and high surf or become a destructive monster.

Smith Island is a lonely outpost, 12 miles out in the lower Chesapeake Bay. The shallow glassy waters around the cluster of islands that comprise Smith Island are some of the best blue crab habitat in the bay. For more than 300 years the people here have endured nature’s hardships. But increasingly, they sense that a more precarious future lies ahead. The watermen are bringing in smaller catches and profits falling down. The population has dropped from more than 800 to about 300 over the last 100 years and Smith Island is losing its land. Most of the island is only one foot above sea level. The higher areas where the people live are just 2 to 4 feet above the water. Coastal ecologists say the Chesapeake Bay has risen by more than a half foot over the past century and continues to swallow the land. Crumbling wooden crab shacks and battered bulwarks are testimony to the island’s vulnerability to the sea. To help the islanders beat back to bay, the Army Corps of Engineers launched a plan to install new bulkheads and stone breakwaters around Tylerton, part of a multimillion-dollar plan to slow erosion and persuade people to stay. Despite this project, Smith Island may be running out of time.

If a hurricane category four comes up and actually hits this island, I think it could be flooded. It probably is the case that over the next century that if we can’t get control of the greenhouse gases, that we probably will have a few high spots, but not much more.

Most people hope that the new efforts to stem erosion can at least delay the inevitable, so that one or two more generations can make a living here at the edge of the sea.

世界上的有些地方因为温室效应而正面临着被海水淹没的危险，位于美国北部马里兰州的史密斯岛就是其中一个。这座小岛在哪里呢？史密斯岛位于切萨皮克湾（Chesapeake Bay），这个湾是一条宽而长的大溺谷，由南向北伸入内陆，把马里兰州分为东西两部分。看下面的两幅图你就明白这座小岛大约在什么地方了。

有人把史密斯岛形容为一个即将退役的哨兵。这里没有政府办公部门，没有镇长，没有警察局，只有从17世纪延续下来的风俗和邻里之间的和睦情谊。上升的海平面在20世纪的100年里，吞噬了史密斯岛400多公顷土地。现在，岛上大部分地区仅高出海平面大约30厘米，最高的地方也只比海平面高1米左右。

生态学家推算，20世纪切萨皮克湾海平面上升了大约30厘米。 潮起潮落，岛上的居民都明白，总有一天他们的家园会消失在海浪之中；但是他们还是希望这一天能够晚一些到来。

New Words and Phrases

outpost n. 偏远的地方
precarious a.（情势)不稳的; 不确定的
blue crab habitat 蓝蟹栖居地
Crumbling wooden crab shacks 摇摇欲坠的螃蟹木棚
Army Corps of Engineers 陆军工程兵
launched a plan 开始了一项计划
erosion 侵蚀